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53 Shocking Facts About How Do I Control Johnson Grass | What Kills Johnson Grass But Not Fescue
- Johnsongrass has a dirty secret hidden under the ground that makes it particularly effective at taking over. When you pull up a stalk of the plant, noting the telltale purple at its base, you’ll see Johnsongrass grows rhizomes—long roots that stretch horizontally beneath the soil. You can see what this looks like in the video. - Source: Internet
- Given a choice, most livestock producers would prefer not to have to deal with johnson****grass because it’s such a difficult species to keep under control. However, in many cases, that horse has left the barn and keeping the species in check has become the next best alternative. Grazing strategies, pasture renovation, herbicides, and mechanical clipping can all be effective control tools. - Source: Internet
- Across the county, the reddish-brown, open panicle seed heads of Johnsongrass can be seen blowing in the wind. Designated as a noxious weed, these plants can be detrimental to native plant diversity and row crops. Summer months are the prime time to manage Johnsongrass, through mowing, applying herbicides, or a combination of both. - Source: Internet
- Aside from its overly competitive nature, johnson****grass has some other qualities that deserve attention. It is high on the list of prussic acid (hydrogen cyanide) producers under stressful conditions. Dry, cloudy conditions; herbicide exposure; drought; and frost can all induce higher prussic acid levels in plant tissues. - Source: Internet
- Origin and distribution: Johnsongrass is native from southern Europe through India. It was introduced into the southeastern United States in the early 1800s as a forage crop and subsequently spread through most of the United States. It has been introduced into most of the temperate and tropical areas of the world but is best adapted to the humid summer rainfall areas of the subtropics. A variety that overwinters only as seeds was reported to be spreading northward into southern Canada. - Source: Internet
- Soil physical requirements: Johnsongrass tolerates a wide range of soil conditions but does best on porous lowland soils and least well on poorly drained clay soils. Compaction restricts growth. The species tolerates one to four weeks of flooding. Rhizomes grow closer to the surface in clay soils than in sandy loam. - Source: Internet
- These rhizomes then spring up more plants. And when you plow the ground, you break these rhizomes into segments, each of which can grow another plant. So it’s important to kill Johnsongrass at the root, rather than just take care of the aboveground plant. - Source: Internet
- Figure 3. Johnsongrass rhizome. Photo by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Research and Extension. - Source: Internet
- Drought tolerance: Long rhizomes resist dehydration more than short rhizomes, and long rhizomes can withstand long periods of drought. Johnsongrass responds to drought by allocating more resources to growth of fine roots that create a higher root surface area for uptake of water. Exposure of rhizome pieces to high temperature on the soil surface, however, kills them within a few days even in moist soil. They die in one to three days at 122–140°F and in about seven days at 86–95°F. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass, especially seedling johnson****grass, can be confused with shattercane (Sorghum bicolor). Carefully digging the plant to look at attached seeds is helpful for telling the two apart. Shattercane seeds are generally more round in shape and less red in color than johnson****grass. Mature plants can be distinguished by the more either looking for rhizomes, which are absent in shattercane, or based on differences in the seeds/seed head. - Source: Internet
- McWhorter, C.G. 1972. Factors affecting Johnsongrass rhizome production and germination. Weed Science 20: 41–45. - Source: Internet
- Keep the Johnson grass plants mowed as low to the ground as possible. This will weaken the plant and keep the stalks from producing seed heads. In a large hayfield that may entail using a hand held sickle or scythe blade to keep the plants in check prior to hay harvest. Remove the tops of the plants from the field if there are any signs of seed head development. - Source: Internet
- In tall fescue, there are no selective herbicides for post-emergent Johnsongrass control. Glyphosate can be spot applied or selectively applied through a ropewick or rotowiper type applicator. This technique requires a good height difference between the forage grass and Johnsongrass and at least two application passes (back and forth, or perpendicular) to get good coverage. This method misses seedling Johnsongrass that is too short to receive the herbicide treatment. In warm season grasses, there are four main herbicide options (Table 1). - Source: Internet
- Figure 1. Johnsongrass ligule. Photo by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Research and Extension. - Source: Internet
- Habitat: Johnsongrass is often found growing in nutrient-rich soil but can survive in any type of soil, though it is not tolerant to flooding (McWhorter 1972). It is often found in arable lands, meadows, waste places, roadsides, and field borders, and along irrigated canals and edges of irrigated fields. It is an occasional weed in nursery containers but primarily problematic in noncrop areas such as walkways, aisles, and other disturbed sites. In landscapes, it can be found in planting beds in and around ornamental plants. - Source: Internet
- Effective weed control isn’t about just spraying herbicide and walking away. You have to know your enemy. Correctly identifying Johnsongrass as the primary weed challenge on our farm determines how we battle the noxious plant. - Source: Internet
- Figure 2. Johnsongrass panicle. Photo by Sarah Lancaster, K-State Research and Extension. - Source: Internet
- Seed longevity: Johnsongrass seeds can survive for up to five years. In one study, johnson****grass seeds were able to survive for six years in undisturbed soil when buried at a depth of 9 inches but less than two years when buried more shallowly. The majority of overwinter seed losses when seeds remain on the soil surface was attributed to seed predation. Viability of buried seeds decreased an estimated 12–17% per year in Mississippi but 52% in one year in Arkansas. - Source: Internet
- Response to fertility: Johnsongrass is highly responsive to nitrogen. For example, dry weight nearly doubled when 48 pounds per acre of N was applied. The species tolerates pH from 5 to 7.5. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass can be spread by rhizomes in soil, by seed on equipment, or in contaminated seed or hay. Mowing, movement of contaminated soil, or other activities on roadsides or fields also spread johnson****grass. Specifically, johnson****grass disseminates by seed and rhizomes. - Source: Internet
- No mechanical controls for johnson****grass are currently in widespread use. Mowing can be done in some infestations, but this does not generally eradicate johnson****grass. Since johnson****grass has long rhizomes, hand-removal is difficult. However, hand-removal for small patches in a landscape or vegetable garden may be feasible. Flooding infested areas with 2 to 4 inches of water for 3 to 6 weeks in early spring will kill most rhizomes, but it does not impact viable seed in the soil profile. - Source: Internet
- If johnson****grass is to be used as a forage resource in times of short feed supplies such as during drought conditions, it needs to be grazed between 6 and 18 inches. Once the species matures and develops a seedhead, forage quality drops rapidly and cattle will avoid the older tillers. Further, johnson****grass is a prolific seed producer; thoughtful grazing management will keep additional seeds from being added to the soil. - Source: Internet
- My first experience with johnson****grass was in the late 1970s while working on a farm in southern Illinois. The species was starting to take hold in the area. Anytime we saw a patch of johnson****grass, be it field or road ditch, it got spot-sprayed with glyphosate in relatively short order. This action was driven by the horror stories of others who had chosen to let this warm-season, rhizomatous grass have its way. - Source: Internet
- Time from emergence to reproduction: Johnsongrass begins flowering about seven weeks after emergence and continues flowering until frost. Seed shed begins three month after planting and can continue for an additional three to four months. Johnsongrass flower development was most rapid at 90°F but was nil at 54°F or 104°F. The minimum temperature for rhizome formation was between 59°F and 68°F. New rhizome initiation begins approximately 30–60 days after planting, depending on the size of initial rhizome fragments. - Source: Internet
- Johnson Grass is a plant in the grass family (Poaceae), known by the scientific name of Sorghum halepense. It is a perennial plant that may reach 12 feet (3.7 m) during a flowering phase. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass is a problem in pastures, fields, prairies, roadsides, and waste places. It can form dense stands, replacing the surrounding native vegetation. Although it can be used as a forage crop, caution should be taken because of potential cyanide poisoning. On roadsides, its height can obstruct visibility. It is tolerant of a wide range of terrestrial conditions, but it generally does not tolerate deep shade. - Source: Internet
- Roundup Powermax or generics (Glyphosate). In coastal bermudagrass, glyphosate can be used as a post-emergent treatment to control newly emerged seedling Johnsongrass just after hay cutting, but before bermudagrass initiates new growth. This treatment can only be used on established bermudagrass. - Source: Internet
- Johnson’s grass is an erect perennial grass up to 2m tall. The leaves have a pronounced mid-vein and rough margins. The seedhead is 10-35 cm long, green to purplish, with loose spreading branches. - Source: Internet
- Prowl H2O (pendimethalin). In established warm season grasses, there is one option for preemergent (seedling Johnsongrass) control. Prowl H2O can only be applied during dormant period. This treatment can be used on established warm-season forage grasses. - Source: Internet
- Figure 2. Johnsongrass aboveground biomass (kg ha−1) as affected by the various treatments at 36–42 days after sowing (DAS), 55 DAS, and 78–85 DAS, in 2017 and 2018 (Velestino, Greece). For each measurement, bars followed by different letters indicate significant differences according to Fisher’s LSD test ( p ≤ 0.05). Error bars indicate the LSD 5% values. - Source: Internet
- Season of emergence: Johnsongrass sprouts begin emerging in the spring when soil temperatures reach about 59°F. Seedling emergence is greatest in late spring but continues throughout the growing season. In Texas, johnson****grass seedlings began emerging at 61°F. The minimum temperature for seedling emergence of johnson****grass in Argentina was 47°F, which is similar to the minimum temperature of 49°F required for emergence of shoots from rhizomes in Italy. - Source: Internet
- Dispersal: Johnsongrass seeds are dispersed by water, on machinery, in contaminated grain and hay, and by wind for short distances. They pass through cattle digestive tracts and are spread with manure. They are also dispersed by birds. Within a field, johnson****grass disperses from the primary source by movement of rhizomes in the direction of tillage. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass is widespread in the United States, possibly in all states except Maine and Minnesota. It has escaped in other parts of the world, as well. It is easily spread both by rhizomes in soil and by seed in contaminated hay and equipment. It is widespread in all Midsouth states, particularly in open areas along roadsides and in pastures. - Source: Internet
- Ball, C. R. 1902. Johnsongrass: Report of investigations made during the season of 1901. USDA Bulletin 11. - Source: Internet
- Cultivate the rhizomes of the Johnson grass in late fall to early winter with the disc cultivator. Breaking up the plants and exposing the rhizomes to freezing temperatures will kill the root system. This may not be possible with established hay fields and should only be done when the Johnson grass has taken over the field. In cases such as these, the field will have to be re-planted for a new hay crop. - Source: Internet
- Vasey, G. 1889. The agricultural grasses and forage plants of the United States; and such foreign kinds as have been introduced. USDA Botanical Division Special Bulletin. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass is easily spotted in pastures and hayfields because it grows in bunches that tend to be taller than the forages present. It is a warm-season perennial and can be drought tolerant. Johnsongrass can be grazed and often has good nutritional value, but has to be managed for it’s times of stress. - Source: Internet
- Monaghan, N. 1979. The biology of Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense). Weed Research 19: 261–267. - Source: Internet
- In addition to spraying, we’re also very attentive to our mowing. Why? Johnsongrass doesn’t like competition, so by selective cutting, we give native grasses a foothold to take over. In time, this will lessen the weed’s presence. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass has some desirable forage characteristics. In grazing and palatability studies at the Noble Research Institute (Ardmore, Okla.), johnson****grass was shown to be a preferred species by grazing yearling steers. - Source: Internet
- Figure 7. Pearson correlation coefficients between the main maize parameters (aboveground biomass and grain yield) and johnson****grass aboveground biomass. r was calculated using the linear equation ( n = 8), * significant at p < 0.05 and ** significant at p < 0.01. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass Growth habit Perennial overwinter organ Emergence period from perennial organs Optimum emergence depth (inches) from perennial organs Time/stage of lowest reserves Photosynthesis Type Frost Tolerance Drought Tolerance Mycorrhiza tall grass rhizomes mid-spring 0–4 6-12 inches tall, 4-8 leaves C 4 low moderate yes Fertility Response Importance of seeds to weediness Seed weight (mg) Dormancy of shed seeds Factors breaking dormancy Optimum temperarature range (F) for seed germination Seedling emergence period Emergence to flowering (weeks) high high 2.6–6.2 yes cms, li, at, ni 95/59 late spring through summer 7 - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers.] is a warm-season perennial grass and one of the most persistent and troublesome weeds in the southern United States (Mueller et al. 1993). This EDIS publication was developed to help commercial nursery growers, landscapers, and other green industry professionals identify and manage johnson****grass. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass is suggested to be intolerant of frequent mowing. However, it will persist with monthly hay cutting, so do not expect good control from cutting alone in most hay operations. Johnsongrass rhizomes store significant energy, which allows for rapid regrowth following cutting. - Source: Internet
- Like reed canarygrass, johnson****grass has made its way onto many states’ noxious weeds’ list. It is extremely competitive and can quickly overtake a field or pasture if left to its own devices. These days, many livestock producers choose to keep johnson****grass populations to tolerable levels rather than eliminate the species, which has become difficult to impossible. - Source: Internet
- In pastures, johnson****grass will likely be grazed down fairly quickly. If rotational grazing is used on your farm, be aware if upcoming paddocks have johnson****grass and if the weather could be stressful for it. Plan to either wait to move paddocks and/or graze where there’s no johnson****grass present. Note that small tender plants are more likely to be toxic than larger mature ones. This is important to consider if the paddock has been previously grazed and is working back up into the rotation during weather stress. - Source: Internet
- When in times of stress, which tend to be drought or early frosts in our area, johnson****grass can be poisonous to livestock because of levels of prussic acid and nitrates. Prussic acid will dissipate from cut hay by the time it dries enough to be baled, but nitrates will not. Hay with stressed johnson****grass present needs to be tested to determine its safety before feeding. - Source: Internet
- Johnsongrass reproduces by seeds and by rhizomes. Each rhizome segment, or node, can produce shoots and roots. Seeds remain dormant in the soil for several years. - Source: Internet
- Sensitivity to disturbance: Most johnson****grass rhizomes lie in the plow layer where they can be disturbed by tillage, though one study found more than 10% of rhizomes below 12 inches. Short rhizome fragments (1–4 inches) were less vigorous and required 20–30 days longer to initiate new rhizome growth than fragments 6–8 inches. See also “Drought tolerance” and “Sensitivity to frost.” - Source: Internet
- Cultural controls are generally not effective for johnson****grass. This weed invades a wide variety of both disturbed and undisturbed sites and have varied moisture levels, pH ranges, and soil textures. Johnsongrass generally does not do well in dense shade. - Source: Internet
- Farming is, at its core, about managing and caring for the land. And, unfortunately, most farmers will encounter a weed species that wants to challenge that control. On my farm in Texas, our main weed problem is Johnsongrass. So I’m slowly bu surely fighting the invasive plant to eliminate its hold on Hackberry Farm. - Source: Internet
- There are no known biological methods. Continual grazing by foraging animals at high stocking rates will reduce populations. Hogs consume johnson****grass rhizomes. - Source: Internet
- Extension specialists warn producers to keep cattle off pastures containing johnson****grass for at least a week following a frost. This becomes even more important with rising densities of the species within the pasture. As plant tissues dry, prussic acid levels will decline to safe levels. - Source: Internet
Video | How Do I Control Johnson Grass
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